Nicholas of Cusa synthesized this strain of conciliarism, balancing hierarchy with consent and representation of the faithful. Among the theorists of this more clerical conciliarism were Jean Gerson, Pierre d'Ailly and Francesco Zabarella. They wanted to unify, defend and reform the institution under clerical control, not advance a Franciscan or a lay agenda. The canonists and theologians who advocated conciliar superiority drew on the same sources used by Marsilius and Ockham, but they used them in a more conservative way. ![]() Conciliarism also drew on corporate theories of the church, which allowed the head to be restrained or judged by the members when his actions threatened the welfare of the whole ecclesial body. Ĭonciliar theory has its roots and foundations in both history and theology, arguing that many of the most important decisions of the Catholic Church have been made through conciliar means, beginning with the First Council of Nicaea (325). While the universal Church cannot fall into heresy, it is known that the Pope has fallen into heresy in the past. The catholic (universal) church is the congregation of the faithful, not the institutional, which was promised to the Apostles by Jesus. Some of his arguments include that the election by the faithful, or their representatives, confers the position of pope and further limits the papal authority. His goal in these writings was removal of Pope John XXII, who had revoked a decree favoring ideas of the Spiritual Franciscans about Christ and the apostles owning nothing individually or in common. 1349) wrote some of the earliest documents outlining the basic understanding of conciliarism. The final gesture, the doctrine of papal infallibility, was not promulgated until the First Vatican Council of 1870. ![]() The eventual victor in the conflict was the institution of the papacy, confirmed by the condemnation of conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council, 1512–17. ![]() Conciliarism reached its apex with the Council of Basel (1431–1449), which ultimately fell apart. The schism inspired the summoning of the Council of Pisa (1409), which failed to end the schism, and the Council of Constance (1414–1418), which succeeded and proclaimed its own superiority over the Pope. The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon. Conciliarism was a reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope.
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